Answers for “Reducing the effects of climate change” with explanation

27. D

geo-engineering, earlier natural phenomenon

paragraph D, lines 3-4

“The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in o 1992, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 C. So, the “earlier natural phenomenon” = “historic volcanic explosions”. based on=modelled on, earlier=historic

28. B

successful use, geo-engineering

paragraph B lines 1-2

“Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localized scale. For decades, May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse cloud.’’ We can easily find here the example of a successful use of geo-engineering.

29. A

common, definition

paragraph A lines 7-8

geo-engineering – a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment.” Here, refers to = means / defines

30. sunshade

create, would reduce, light reaching earth

paragraph B, line 6

His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.” tiny = minute, create = form, far above Earth = 1.5 million km above the Earth

31. iron

place, the sea

paragraph C, line 2

“…. . . and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae – …”. depositing = place, ocean = the sea

32. algae

encourage, to form

paragraph C, line 2

“…. . . and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae – …”. to stimulate the growth = encourage, to form

33. clouds

create, would reduce,

paragraph D, line 1, 3

“… .. .. so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming.” create = form, reduce the amount of light reaching Earth = a global dimming,

34. cables

fix, strong, Greenland ice sheets

paragraph D, line 5

“Scientists have also scrutinized whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea.” strong = reinforced

35. snow

allow, reflect, radiation

End of paragraph D

“Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow.” So, planting trees would allow snow to reflect radiation. lose = shed, allow = enable

36. rivers

change, direction, to bring

End of paragraph D

“Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.” change the direction of = re-route, bring more cold water = increase cold water flow

37. B

effects, not long-lasting

paragraph E

“I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly… . . .. ” This means that once geo-engineering does its job, the effects of it on the planet may end, too. In other words, “the effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting”

37. B

effects, not long-lasting

paragraph E

“I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly… . . .. ” This means that once geo-engineering does its job, the effects of it on the planet may end, too. In other words, “the effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting”

38. D

worth exploring

last paragraph

“Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.” worth exploring=shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly

39. C

limit

paragraph G

“To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo- engineering altogether.” limit the effectiveness = operate at half strength

40. A

non-fossil-based fuels

paragraph E

Angel says that his plan is “no substitute for developing renewable energy, the only ‘permanent solution’.” non-fossil-based fuels = renewable energy, cannot be replaced = no substitute for